A MODERN TWIST
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Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) Nanopowder/Nanoparticles, Gamma, Purity: 99.5+%, Size: 18 nm, Hydrophilic
Short Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Purity: > 65%, SSA: 400 m2/g
Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Purity: > 96%, Outside Diameter: 8-18 nm
Aligned Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Purity: > 96%, Outside Diameter: 8-18 nm, Length 25-95 µm
Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) Nanopowder/Nanoparticles, Gamma, Purity: 99.5+%, Size: 18 nm, Hydrophilic
Short Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Purity: > 65%, SSA: 400 m2/g
Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Purity: > 96%, Outside Diameter: 8-18 nm
Aligned Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Purity: > 96%, Outside Diameter: 8-18 nm, Length 25-95 µm
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Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) Nanopowder/Nanoparticles, Gamma, Purity: 99.5+%, Size: 18 nm, Hydrophilic
Short Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Purity: > 65%, SSA: 400 m2/g
Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Purity: > 96%, Outside Diameter: 8-18 nm
Aligned Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Purity: > 96%, Outside Diameter: 8-18 nm, Length 25-95 µm
Graphene Nanoplatelet, Purity: 99.9%, Size: 3 nm, S.A: 800 m2/g, Dia: 1.5 μm
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Anti Friction Coatings
Anti-Friction Coatings (AFCs)
AFCs form a dry film and optimize friction of metal, plastic and elastomer parts – even under intense loads and harsh operating and environmental conditions. The coatings are easy to apply by spraying, brushing, dip-spinning, roll-coating or screen printing.
After curing, the bonded, dry lubricating film provides durable wear protection with a certain level of corrosion protection and resists dust and contamination.
AFCs typically contain PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), MoS2 (molybdenum disulfide) or graphite lubricating solids. The color of AFCs with PTFE is black and with MoS2 is gray.
Depending on your lubrication need, precise formulations can be engineered with these or other lubricating solids to provide customized options that meet your exact requirements.
Product selection depends on service requirements, the desired coating method and specific advantages for different applications. From selecting the right formulation for your application needs to identifying the proper coating methods, you can rely on our experts for help.
Anti-Friction Coatings have solid lubricant particles dispersed in carefully selected blends of resin and solvents. The volume concentration of lubricants and choice of raw materials are important for the lubricating and corrosion-protection properties. Once applied to a metal or plastic, these paint-like solutions bond to the coated surface and provide a slippery lubricating film that is dry and clean. The film covers all surface roughness and optimizes metal-to-metal, metal-to-plastic or plastic-to-plastic friction even under extreme loads and working conditions.
AFCs are particularly effective in boundary friction and mixed friction states. In these states, direct metal-to-metal contact and wear take place because fluid hydrodynamic lubrication cannot be realized. In AFCs, the solid lubricants are kept on the substrate surface by the bonding force of the resin package so the surfaces are always separated by an effective dry film–whether under very low speeds, oscillating movements or high loads. AFCs also support hydrodynamic lubrication as an agent to improve running-in. AFCs provide lubricity in case of hydrodynamic film breakdown.
Nanomaterial’S HORİZON 2020 SME INSTRUMENT WİNNER PROJECT
Nanokar Company was awarded with Horizon 2020 SME Instrument Phase 1 grant by European Union to launch one of the largest Graphene Manufacturing Plants in the world with its patent pending eco-friendly and cost efficient production method (GREENGRAPHENE).
With its disruptive innovation of GREENGRAPHENE, Nanokar has applied for European Commission’s Horizon 2020 SME Instrument programme, a highly competitive and reputable fund aiming to increase Europe’s global competitiveness, and granted to Small and Medium-sized Enterprises with innovative & groundbreaking projects in Europe.
As one of the pioneers in the field, Nanokar developed a graphene production method in 2016 which releases no hazardous substance to the environment, leaves almost no waste behind, and decreases the costs in significant amounts, without sacrificing the quality.
Graphene Production is now Eco-Friendly as well
Before 2016, graphene production was not only costly, but also suffering from environmental problems because a huge amount of waste was generated during old graphene production processes. Economic and environmental concerns became an obstacle for industries to benefit from graphene in full measure.
After its groundbreaking discovery, inventors of graphene were awarded with 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics. Being the lightest, strongest, and the most conductive material in the world, graphene is known to have a wide range of uses in many industries today.
It is expected that in the next five years the demand for graphene will increase over 10 thousand tons per year, making the current total global capacity of manufacturers, less than 1000 tons, highly insufficient.
Objective of GREENGRAPHENE Project
Graphene-based materials gained a lot of interest by researchers worldwide and a wide variety of applications has been developed from them in the last decade. There are more than 45.000 patent applications recorded after the inventors of graphene were awarded with Nobel prize in 2010. Graphene’s applications extend from fast charging high capacity batteries to light-weight and high strength aircraft parts. Composite industry is the field that graphene can be quickly adapted because graphene can be produced in powder form similar to many of the other additives used in the composites industry. Composites industry is a €63.2 Billion market and it is expected to reach above €113,85 Billion within the next 5-6 years. Offering performance properties comparable with the current metallic and ceramic materials is the main motivation for the composite producers and costs of the additives in the market constitutes only 1% (>€1 Billion market for additives) of the overall costs.
The major obstacle that prevents the rapid initiation and adaption of graphene into the composites market is the price ranges (2800-7600 €/kg) of the material with desired quality. In order to overcome this obstacle, Nanografi developed a simple, disruptive, cost-effective and environment-friendly graphene production method (patent pending) and offered a good chance for graphene in the composites industry. The developed method offers graphene nanoplatelet product with high quality and offering the lowest price range (<€85/kg graphene) after the production is scaled up to 100 tonnes/year within 5 years. The price offers can go down further as the demand increases. To conclude, in GREENGRAPHENE Project, Nanografi aims to bring its high quality graphene product which we produce by our highly innovative method to the composites market and prepare technical/economic feasibility plans for increasing the use of graphene in the composites industry.
REDUCED GRAPHENE OXİDE AND APPLİCATİONS
Graphene oxide (GO) is a type of graphene that contains oxygen functional groups and has some interesting properties different than those of graphene. By reducing graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide is obtained which is abbreviated to rGO. In this process, the functional groups of graphene are removed but it still contains residual oxygen, hetereatoms and structural defects which decrease its quality. Having less-quality compared to pristine graphene, rGO is still an outstanding material for various applications since it resembles an attractive cost and manufacturing processes compared to the pristine graphene. Especially, it is preferred in applications that call for a large amount of material.
Depending on the method of preparation of reduced graphene oxide, properties and morphology of the rGO can vary. Some preparation methods of reduced graphene oxide include:
- treating graphene oxide with hydrazine hydrate at 100°C for 24 hours
- exposure to hydrogen plasma for several seconds
- exposure to powerful pulsed light from xenon flashtubes
- heating the graphene oxide with urea as an expansion-reduction agent
- direct heating of graphene oxide in a furnace to very high temperatures
Applications of Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO)
Electronics: rGO shows a great potential in electronics applications. It is used as a field effect transistor that has been used in chemical sensors and biosensors. In biosensors, detect hormonal catecholamine molecules, avidin and DNA. rGO is also used in light emitting diodes (LEDs) and solar cell devices. For these applications, having transparent electrode is important and rGO is a convenient for these devices.
Energy Storage: Nanocomposites of rGO is used for lithium-ion batteries, extensively. In these batteries, nanoparticles of insulating metal oxide are absorbed onto rGO which enhances the performance of these materials in lithium-ion batteries.
It is also used in many composite materials and printable graphene electronics.
Overall, rGO is a suitable material for many applications although it looks like less impressive when it is compared to graphene.
HYDROXYAPATİTE NANO AND MİCRON POWDER
Hydroxyapatite is a calcium phosphate compound, its formula is Ca10 (PO4)6(OH)2. It is a part of the raw material, called phosphoric rock. The term hydroxy refers to the anion OH‑. If instead of that anion is replaced with fluoride, the mineral would be called Fluoroapatite Ca10 (PO4)6(F)2. Hydroxyapatite is the main inorganic component of the bones and dental enamel.
Hydroxyapatite predominantly exists in two forms which are nanoHydroxyapatite powder and micron Hydroxyapatite powder. The difference between the two is of size. The size of Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles is below 200 nm whereas micron Hydroxyapatite exists in the range of 45 – 90 micron. The surface area for Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles is around 9.4 m2/g whereas Hydroxyapatite micron powder has a surface area of 120 m2/g.
History and importance of Hydroxyapatite
The use of Hydroxyapatite began after 1950 when after a lot of research, it was found that it can be used in dental surgeries. Since then, its use has continuously increased. It is an important element in the bone tissues of living beings. Its great stability against other calcium phosphate products permits it to withstand physiological conditions, giving the bones their characteristic hardness. Hydroxyapatite fulfills its operation with the aid of collagen, the fibrous protein of connective tissues. Hydroxyapatite consists of Ca2+ ion, but it can also consist of other cations in its structure such as Na+, Mg2+, etc.
Structure of Hydroxyapatite
The below image shows the structure of hydroxyapatite. All spheres occupy the volume of the half of a hexagonal “box”, where the other half is identical to the first.
Structure of Hydroxyapatite
In this structure, the green spheres represent Ca2+ cations, while the red spheres represent oxygen atoms, the orange spheres represents the phosphorus atoms, and the white spheres represent OH–.
The phosphate ions in this structure have the defect of not exhibiting a tetrahedral geometry; instead, they look like pyramids with square bases.
It looks like OH– is positioned far from the Ca2+. However, the crystalline unit can repeat itself on the roof of the first, thus presenting the close relationship between both ions. Also, these ions can be substituted by others such as Na+ and F–.
Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite
Hydroxyapatite can be created by the reaction of calcium hydroxide with phosphoric acid:
10Ca(OH)2 + 6H3PO4 => Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 + 18H2O
Likewise, hydroxyapatite can be produced through the following reaction:
10Ca(NO3)2. 4H2O + 6NH4H2PO4 => Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 + 20NH4NO3 + 52H2O
The hydroxyapatite nanoparticles can be generated by controlling the rate of precipitation.
Hydroxyapatite crystals
The ions are crushed and grown to form a resistant and rigid bio crystal. This is employed as a biomaterial for bone mineralization. However, it needs collagen, an organic support that acts as a mold for its development. These crystals and their complex formation procedures depend on the bone.
Physical and Chemical properties
- 1.Hydroxyapatite is a white powder that can acquire grayish, green and yellow appearance. As it is a crystalline solid, it has a greater melting point (1100 °C), which indicates strong electrostatic interactions.
- 2.Fluorine (F–) can be substituted by OH– ions in the crystal structure. In this case, it adds resistance to the hydroxyapatite of the dental enamel against the acids. Possibly, this resistance may be due to the insolubility of the formed CaF2, refusing to “leave” the crystal.
- 3.However, in acidic media (as in HCl), it is soluble. This solubility is due to the creation of CaCl2, a highly soluble salt in water. Also, phosphates are protonated (HPO42- and H2PO4-) and interact to a greater extent with water.
- 4.It is denser as compared to water, with a density of 3.05 – 3.15 g/cm3. Moreover, it is practically insoluble in water (0.3 mg/mL), which is because of phosphate ions.
- 5.The solubility of hydroxyapatite in acids is significant in the pathophysiology of caries. The bacteria in the oral cavity secrete lactic acid, a product of the fermentation of glucose, which drops the pH of the dental surface to less than 5 so that hydroxyapatite starts to dissolve.
Applications of nanoHydroxyapatite
Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles have a diversity of applications, which are given below:
- In the surgery of bone tissue, it is employed in the filling of cavities in traumatological, maxillofacial, orthopedic, and dental surgeries.
- The use of hydroxyapatite nanopowder is beneficial in the repairing of enamel and incorporation in toothpaste, as well as mouth rinses.
- It is employed as a coating for orthopedic and dental implants. It is a desensitizing agent used after tooth whitening. It is also employed as a remineralizing agent in toothpaste and in the early diagnosis of caries.
- Due to its resemblance in size, crystallography, and composition with hard human tissue, it is valuable for use in prostheses. Also, nano-hydroxyapatite is bioactive, biocompatible, and natural, as well as not being toxic or inflammatory.
- Titanium and Stainless steel implants are frequently coated with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles to decrease their refutation rate.
- It is a substitute to xenogenic and allogeneic bone grafts. The healing time is less in the presence of hydroxyapatite nanopowder than in its absence.
Applications of micron hydroxyapatite powder
- An alginate-hydroxyapatite complex has been manufactured which is capable of absorbing fluorine through the mechanism of ion exchange.
- Hydroxyapatite micron powder has also been used as a provision for the electrophoresis of nucleic acids. It separates RNA from DNA, as well as DNA from a single strand of two-strand DNA.
- Micron Hydroxyapatite is used in the air filters of motor vehicles to enhance the efficiency of filters in the absorption and decomposition of carbon monoxide (CO). This decreases the environmental pollution.
- Micron Hydroxyapatite is employed as a chromatographic medium for proteins. This presents positive charges (Ca+) and negative charges (PO4-3), so it can interact with electrically charged proteins and permit the separation by the ion exchange process.
SİLVER NANOWİRES & APPLİCATİONS
Silver nanowires are a type of silver nanomaterials that are expressively different in comparison to silver nanoparticles. As the name indicates, these nanomaterials have three dimensions.
The unique properties of this conductive nanomaterial have led to increasing use of silver nanowire-based technologies, such as in the manufacturing of flexible touchscreen displays. However, the potential adverse effects of these “thin but long” and highly reactive silver nanowires have been poorly understood so far. The goal should be the development of new and safer technological applications of silver nanowires.
Silver nanowires of different sizes, coatings, and shapes are being synthesized and analyzed by the consortium for potential human and environmental impacts. The properties of the nanowires that cause concern are identified and new synthetic methods are developed to produce silver nanowires with lower potential risks. New approaches to the recovery of silver nanowires are being developed to avoid possible landfill release and to facilitate the recycling of flexible electronics.
Properties of Silver Nanowires
The major properties of silver nanowires are given below:
- They have distinct electrical, thermal, and optical properties and they can be used to produce a variety of products ranging from biological sensors to photovoltaics.
- Silver nanowires are remarkable in absorption and reflection of light.
- Silver nanowires interact with molecules in the solution and create a double layer of charge that inhibits aggregation and stabilizes the silver nanowires.
- Silver nanowires are highly conductive.
- Silver nanowires can be dispersed in water, ethanol IPA (isopropyl alcohol), ethylene glycol, and epoxy resin.
Production of Silver Nanowires
Silver nanowires can be produced by multiple techniques, some of them are stated below:
- Rapid synthesis: Copper chloride and polyvinyl pyrrolidone are mixed in disposable glass vials to produce silver nanowires.
- Electroless deposition: The metal amplification technique is used to produce silver nanowires and in this technique, electroless deposition of silver into the polycarbonate membranes occurs.
- Polyol method: In this method, Silver nanowires are manufactured by an aqueous solvent which is heated in an autoclave at the temperature of 120 °C for approximately 8 hours.
- Template method: This technique uses supramolecular nanotubes of an amphiphilic cyanine dye in an aqueous solution for the production of silver nanowires.
Applications of Silver Nanowires
Silver nanowires have a plethora of applications, the main ones are stated below:
- Conductive applications: Computer boards, high-intensity LEDs, and Touchscreen displays.
- Antibacterial applications: Clothing, Bandages, sterile equipment, cosmetics, and paints.
- Optical sector: Medical imaging, Surface plasmons, Raman spectroscopy, optical limiters, and solar films.
- Optical applications: Optical spectroscopies, for example, metal-enhanced fluorescence and surface-enhanced Raman scattering.
Latest inventions of Silver Nanowires
- Silver nanowires garments
According to the latest invention, silver nanowires protect against the cold. This new invention is part of a new concept, name as “personal thermal management”. It is manufactured by coating the garment with silver nanowires (wires with a diameter of one nanometer, which is one billionth of a meter). As these metallic nanowires are conductors, the garment conducts the energy and serve as a portable “heater”. In other words, it can be actively heated with a source of electricity, such as a small battery.
But, in addition, the silver nanowires make the garment become a good insulator, able to reflect more than 90% of body heat. This reflection is much greater than that of the warmest wool sweater, which at most reflects around 20% of body heat. So the clothes coated with silver nanowires would work as active heating and as passive insulation. On the other hand, these garments would be breathable, due to the porous structure of the nanowires; and it would feel practically the same as normal clothes.
- Ultra-light aerogel
A group of researchers from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in the US has developed a new type of ultra-light aerogel, so light could be held up by a rose without having to lower or bend it. It is a metal foam that is grafted into that new class of material with very light unique properties that can be used in particular in the electronic energy industries.
This material, in particular, uses ultra-light and conductive silver nanowires. According to Fang Qian, lead author of the study published in Nano Letters, “The high porosity and excellent mechanical/electrical properties of these silver nanotube aerogels can lead to better device performance and open up new possibilities for cell fuel, energy storage, medical devices, catalysis, and sensors”.
Future of Silver Nanowires
- The increasing demand for micro integration of electronic systems has caused extensive research on metal nanowires due to their optical properties. This has caused the development of numerous advanced technologies in different sectors.
- Silver has good electrical conductivity which is the reason that Silver nanowires have greater electrical conductivity with enhanced optical transparency and optical flexibility. These factors are important for manufacturing optoelectronic and electronic devices.
- Research has also indicated that silver nanowires can be employed for the miniaturization of ultra large electrical circuits and quantum devices in the coming time.
- Silver nanowires are likely to allow the next generation to create flexible touch panels, including the rotation of the car’s entire dashboard in a vast finger-sensitive surface. This is because they are better in electrical conduction than indium-tin-oxide and the current touch-sensor material. Silver nanowires can be easily applied to flexible plastic substrates. Moreover, they are also highly transparent.
- They are not only useful in touch panels, but highly conductive silver nanowires also have applications in high-efficiency solar panels and lighting panels, which also benefit from the fact that nanowires are practically indestructible.
Silver nanowires have great potential for developing advanced technology applications. This is due to their exciting electrical, thermal and optical properties. They have applications in almost all the sectors such as optics, electronics, magnetics, textile, automobile, high-performance catalysts, and acoustics. A lot of researches are currently underway to discover more and more of its applications.
NANO CELULOSE & APPLİCATİONS
Nano-cellulose is a material that consists of cellulose nano-fibers, which are a string of cellulose molecules with an elongated tubular shape. Nano-cellulose in the future will be cheap, resistant, organic and ecological. It is paradoxical that the future solutions for the world that will serve as the basis for the technological infrastructures and will govern the life of future generations are not visible to the human eye. Scientists from the University of Texas use the same bacteria that produces coconut cream to transform algae into nano-cellulose; an element that could revolutionize the world.
Nano-cellulose is a plant material that is broken down into microscopic pieces, then purified and rebuilt. The bacterium Acetobacter xylinum is able to synthesize the cellulose found in blue-green algae, with only a little water, sunlight and time. The process absorbs carbon dioxide, the greenhouse gas mainly responsible for global warming.
Properties of Nanocellulose
- It is light, strong and rigid, and with a high coefficient of resistance with respect to its weight (it is eight times more resistant than stainless steel).
- It is stable in terms of temperature changes.
- It has interesting optical properties as it is transparent.
- It dilates little with heat.
- It conducts electricity.
- Since it is a derivative of cellulose, which is a raw material produced by plants in very large quantities every year, it is intrinsically renewable and beneficial for the environment.
Classification of Nanocellulose
It is classified into three types:
- Micro Fibrillated Cellulose (MFC)
- Nanocrystalline Cellulose (NCC)
- Bacterial Cellulose (NBC).
Production methods for Nanocellulose
Nano-cellulose is obtained from wood by the compression of plant fibers or natural crops. As a result, different types of bacteria produce it autonomously. There is the possibility of using a certain type of algae to produce the material naturally, without the need for nutrients. Only sunlight and water would be needed, which are significant not only because of the ecological nature of the process but also because of the radical reduction in costs.
Potential uses of Nano cellulose
Nano-cellulose has great potential for the future. It serves to generate a sustainable biofuel. It can be a solution to the current fuel crisis. Because it is strong and light, it can create an ultra-absorbent gel capable of supporting 10 thousand times its own weight. It could be used to replace tampons and feminine towels.
By combining Nano cellulose with other materials such as graphene, incredible results can be obtained as batteries that are recharged by just bending them. The possibilities are endless. The more experiments are done with it, the more applications will be found. The prominent applications of Nano cellulose are given below:
1. Lightweight and super resistant reinforcement:
Some of the materials that are normally used for this task, such as carbon fiber or ceramics, tend to make the process much more expensive and alter the polymer because they take away clarity and add some color. The nano-cellulose could overcome both obstacles. In addition, its transparent appearance also gives an advantage in this field, since it is perfect for protecting vehicles or making impact-proof helmets, not to mention the glasses of shops with the highest tendency to suffer robberies.
2. More resistant and efficient cars:
According to scientists from the University of Maine, adding only 10% of nano-cellulose to the mixture of any composite material increases the strength of the final substance by up to 70%, something that could benefit the transport sector greatly, and the automobile industry especially. Due to its lightness, this could happen without the increase in the weight of cars, and even the weight can be decreased if the nano-cellulose replaces other heavier materials. In this way, the vehicles would not need to consume more fuel to be more resistant and safe.
The Ford automotive company plans to use nano-cellulose to make parts of the bodywork of their cars, as it would help to lose weight.
3. Medical and health use:
The nano-cellulose is highly absorbent, porous and can be molded to different shapes. This makes it perfect for making absorbent products such as gauze, bandages or even tampons. Its biodegradable nature is another advantage for these uses, as well as for use in small implants, such as heart valve replacements, artificial ligaments or joint parts. Its applications in the field of medicine are very promising. By combining small amounts of nano-cellulose with water, very stable hydrogels have formed that share many properties with human tissues, which is giving rise to research on the application of drugs and even tissue and organ engineering.
4. Sponges to clean spills in the sea:
By mixing nano-celluloses with water, hydrogels are obtained, but mixing them with other components, all together form aerogels, which are a kind of sponge, capable of resisting stably in water for more than 60 years. This property can be exploited in other uses such as, to facilitate the cleaning tasks after a polluting spill in the sea water.
5. Improve other materials such as plastics or paper:
Nano-cellulose is a derivative of cellulose, with which paper and cardboard are manufactured. Adding it to its composition can reinforce the network of fibers that compose them and make them stronger and more resistant. It could become an interesting ingredient for boxes and packaging that must resist outdoors, or that are in contact with fatty materials, for example, preventing them from breaking or spoiling. For its properties, it can also be used to improve the mechanical qualities of some plastics, such as thermoplastic resin or latex, making them more flexible and resistant.
The company Pioneer Electronics has big plans for this new material. As it is light, resistant and transparent, it can replace plastic or glass. Currently, it is experimented to be used in the manufacture of thin and flexible screens.
6. Filters
Due to its particular structure, nano-cellulose can be used to create powerful filters capable of purifying almost any liquid. It has the capacity to produce drinking water from seawater, and it is able to filter the blood during transfusions and even ridding smokers of some harmful chemicals from the cigar.
All in all, nano-cellulose is completely eco-sustainable and therefore a renewable product. It has exceptional characteristics that make it light, flexible and even more resistant than steel. Its uses are numerous and varied. Nano-cellulose consists of plant material and its appearance is that of a transparent gel, quite viscous. The production process starts with a sort of woody paste and its applications are innumerable.
HYDRAULİC CRİMPİNG MACHİNE FOR COİN CELLS
A hydraulic crimping machine can be straightforwardly explained as a machine that is designed and used by manufacturers across the world in order to crimp or secure together with a connector to the border most point of a hose. This can be better understood as the attachment of distortable metallic fixtures with segments of both inflexible and pliable hose and tubing. This is done by joining the two ends of a cable (also referred to as the hose) by either crimping one portion or both ends of it.
The advancements in technology that have removed the trouble of individuals having the need to handle these tools have brought about a significant advantage to the modern world. Many of the modern tools that have been designed are extremely light in weight and compact (e.g. hand hydraulic crimper tool). This further eases the task of handling and using it. These machines can also be completely independent and self-contained. Moreover, quicker crimp cycles and more streamlined shaping makes the entire task be conducted extremely efficient. This benefit can be obtained for a significant period of time because of the durability of the machines that are being produced today.
The benefits to individuals that have been mentioned earlier come in the form of reduction of their bodily pressure exerted (to manually pump the hydraulic machine) on the machine. This can alleviate the danger of individuals being diagnosed with repetitive motion injury.
How a Hydraulic Crimping Machine for Coin Cells Works
In general, it can be understood that hydraulic crimp machines are used; towards the task of an attachment of a terminal or contact to an electrical conductor. As opposed to a handheld crimp tool, these machines are used in a complete mechanism cycle where the shut heights of the connector ought to be constant. As is evident, these are put to use in an industrial setting, i.e. factories, and production lines (e.g. mechanical engineering field). Traditional crimping tools required both human effort and also brought about significant costs because of the need to employ an electrical force for the pressurization of the tool. Technological advancements have enabled some of these machine systems to merely require rechargeable batteries.
These machines can vary in; physical proportions (i.e. vertical measurement, depth, and breadth), standards-based capacity, configuration time and time of the complete cycle. The latter varies in accordance with the hose and fitting styles. The tools and dies are marked with color as a means of identification and differentiation. They are used with the relevant accessories (e.g. hydraulic hose). The hoses are categorized according to; liquid, compatibility, physical force and intensity of heat.
The hydraulic crimping machines used in manufacturing plants and large industries (e.g. construction industry, chemical industry, automobile industry, and petroleum industry) are large and are not ideally moved from one location to another on a regular basis.
In modern times, however, crimping machines used in certain industries, such as for coin cells- have been designed in a more lightweight manner. For example, hydraulic crimp machines used for coin cells have been manufactured in smaller sizes. This may be especially possible because of the lower levels of pressure that can be applied in these machines.
This is run using a number of general steps. Sufficient anti-abrasion hydraulic lubricants ought to be used before ensuring that the electrical source and any other prerequisites cited in the performance manual is fulfilled. The extent of pressure applied is regulated by the operator through the scale. The pressure applied is known as swaging and clockwise/anticlockwise adjustments on the scale will decrease and increase the levels of swaging, respectively. Further regulation of the swaging pressure and pressure in the opening mold can be controlled with the help of (two) knobs at the rear of the oil cylinder. According to the largeness of the rubber hose (on which pressure will be exerted), an appropriate mold (with consideration of both the reference table and the relevant locking pipe and mold) should be mounted on the mold base.
Applications of Hydraulic Crimping Machine for Coin Cells
The many types of uses of hydraulic crimping machines have been mentioned briefly above. One of the applications of this machine is for the crimping of coin cells. These crimpers are typically able to seal different types of coin cells, which are of varying sizes using different dies. Additionally, the modern crimping machines have special designs that have made the machine much more lightweight and with smaller prints and several other features that ease operations.
The machines are usually sold with die sets. Users also have the option of purchasing additional die sets in other special sized cases according to their preferences. There would mostly be built in gauges in order to monitor and control pressure. The precision of the dies will further contribute to error-free crimping. They also sometimes have a built-in safety valve which can enable the control of pressure limits. This will help alleviate the possibility of damages. On the note of damage, some machines have an anti-corrosion interior and this would prevent the coin cells from getting damaged as a result of short circuits. Some machines also have an aluminum tray that ought to be placed on the base of the crimper and this will help alleviate the possibility of unfortunate oil leakages. These machines can also be utilized for the purpose of disassembly.
The machines usually come with a warranty for up to one year provided that the user does not utilize the machine irresponsibly (e.g. unsuitable storage conditions, insufficient maintenance measures) and cause, for instance; rust. The design of these machines is also is usually equipped with a hydraulic pump that isn’t modeled to hold significant levels of pressure.
Image retrieved from: Wang et al., Real-time monitoring of internal temperature evolution of the lithium-ion coin cell battery during the charge and discharge process. Extreme mechanics letters, Vol 9 – https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352431615300675 )
Developments in hydraulic crimping machines have removed the weight (of having to manage the devices manually) from individuals and this henceforth will contribute to a better outcome (i.e. a larger number of connections on a daily basis). It can, therefore, be concluded as a relatively worthwhile investment. It is, however, advisable to ensure that the right manufacturer who equips the machine well with the relevant accessories is chosen. As a result, a secure connection can be established.
GALLİUM ARSENİDE (GaAs) WAFER: STRUCTURE, PROPERTİES, USES
Gallium arsenide (GaAs) is a compound of gallium and arsenic. It is a vital semiconductor and is commonly used to manufacture devices such as infrared emitting diodes, laser diodes, integrated circuits at microwave frequencies, and photovoltaic cells.
Structure of Gallium arsenide (GaAs) Wafer
In the Gallium arsenide (GaAs) Wafer, each gallium atom is bordered by arsenic atoms. 5 valence electrons of arsenic atoms and 3 valence electrons of gallium atoms share each other. So, each of the gallium and arsenic atom gets 8 valence electrons in the outer shell. It is also to be noted that a covalent bond exists between gallium and arsenic atom in the GaAs Wafer. The covalent bonds despite being strong can be broken with an enough amount of external energy.
Properties of GaAs Wafer
The main properties of gallium arsenide (GaAs) are given below:
- The Molar mass of Gallium arsenide (GaAs) is 144.64 g/mol.
- Gallium arsenide (GaAs) has the Melting point of 1238 °C.
- The density of Gallium arsenide (GaAs) is 5.32 g/cm3.
Use of GaAs Wafers
The main use of gallium arsenide (GaAs) is found in:
- Computers
- Photovoltaic cells
- Optoelectronic communications
- Laser diodes and infrared emission
GaAs Wafers’ Use in Transistors & Computers
The physical and chemical properties of GaAs complicate its use in the manufacturing of transistors by being a binary composite with a lower thermal conductivity and a higher coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), while silicon and germanium are elementary semiconductors. In addition, failures in devices based on GaAs are more difficult to understand than those in silicon and can be more expensive, due to its recent use. But comparing the relationship, quality, and price, the added value of GaAs offsets manufacturing costs. The indicated markets are in continuous growth, which demand the technology that allows higher frequencies, which help reducing the costs.
GaAs Wafers’ Use in Defense & Aerospace
Gallium arsenide has been incorporated into commercial markets since its use began for the military and aerospace field. It belongs to the semiconductor materials group in the periodic table. The width of the band gap is greater than in silicon or germanium. The mobility of the electrons is also greater than in silicon or germanium, and that of the holes similar to those of silicon.
To impurify the type p, materials such as zinc, cadmium or copper are used since they introduce permitted levels in the range of 0.08 to 0.37 eV above the valence band of GaAs. The donor materials are sulfur, selenium and the elements of group IV of the periodic table, in small concentration, if they replace gallium atoms.
The GaAs is used for photoelectric cells, tunneling diodes, lasers, semiconductors and MESFET transistors.
The GaAs has several circuit topologies and device types. The most dominant and commercially available is the FET logic directly coupled with DCFL (Direct Coupled FET Logic), although BFL logic (Buffered FET Logic) and SDFL logic (Schottky Diode FET Logic) are also available.
Click Image to see GaAs Wafer products
GaAs Wafers in high frequency technologies
The effective mass of the electric charge of the doped N-type GaAs is lower than in the silicon of the same type, so the electrons in GaAs Wafers are accelerated at higher speeds, taking less time to cross the transistor channel. This is very useful at high frequencies, since a higher maximum operating frequency will be reached.
This possibility and need to work with circuits that allow to act at higher frequencies has its origin in the defense and space industries, in the use of radars, secure communications and sensors. After development by federal programs, GaAs soon expanded to new commercial markets, such as wireless local area networks (WLAN), personal communication systems (PCS), live satellite transmission (DBS), transmission and reception by the consumer, global positioning systems (GPS) and mobile communications. All these markets required working at high and low frequencies that could not be achieved with silicon or germanium.
In addition, this has affected the philosophy of manufacturing semiconductors, now using statistical methods to control uniformity and ensure the best possible quality without seriously affecting the cost. All this also made possible the creation of new digital transmission techniques with higher radio frequency power and low voltage amplifiers to maximize the operation and standby time in battery powered devices.
Advantages of Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) Wafers
The advantage of gallium arsenide wafers over solar-grade silicon wafers is that it offers almost twice the efficiency. Another advantage of GaAs wafer refers to the increase in efficiency. Usually the gallium arsenide is deposited in a single thin layer on a small sheet, but at the University of Illinois, multiple layers of material have been deposited on the wafers, obtaining a higher yield. Multiple layers eliminate the limitations in the area of work, something very important in the case of solar cells, which require a wide coverage area to capture as much light as possible. Thus, a greater area of coverage is achieved, generating more energy and lower cost. The use of arsenide in solar cells is not new. It has been used for many years in the multi-junction cells.
Disadvantages of Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) Wafers
The devices manufactured with GaAs wafers can work at temperatures of up to 450 °C. But despite this advantages, its use poses some difficulties, compared with that of silicon. For example, unlike silicon, there is no natural oxide that acts as a mask to produce simple elements of the CMOS logic style.
The big disadvantage, which explains its low utilization, is the price. To solve this dilemma, engineers and researchers say they have achieved new methods of manufacturing thin films of low cost gallium arsenide, which would create devices that would replace silicon, hence increasing the efficiency of photovoltaic cells.
Conclusion
Gallium arsenide (GaAs) contains an atom of Gallium and another atom of Arsenide. Its use is commonly found in electronics, such as in the manufacturing of semiconductors. The compound has some advantages and disadvantages, as described above. The work is underway to regulate the price of this compound and there is much more that Gallium arsenide (GaAs) Wafers can offer in other sectors also. Therefore, the research must be continued to discover its exceptional uses.
CARBON BLACK NANOPOWDER CHARACTERİSTİCS, PRODUCTİON, SOURCES
The nanopowder of Carbon Black is conductive and non-polluting. The applications of Carbon Black Nanopowder are versatile, the sectors involved are plastics, electronics, inks, coatings, and green technology. Carbon Black is predominantly used as reinforcing filler and in the rubber industry. Approximately, thirty grades of it are produced for this purpose so they impart a wide spectrum of properties to rubber products.
History of Carbon Black Nanopowder
Carbon Black is produced by different activities such as the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, including diesel and fuel oil, as well as the burning of firewood, among others. Carbon black was initially produced in China by incomplete combustion in oil lamps and intended to provide the black pigment of the Indian ink. In 1912, it showed exceptional qualities for rubber tire reinforcement.
Production Capacity of Carbon Black Nanopowder
In 2017, the global production capacity was 16 million t/year, 43% in China with about 100 factories. The productions of the European Union in 2017 was 1,890 million t. In 2017, Carbon Black’s production was decreased in France to 50,000 t / year by stopping the operations at the Ambes plant. China’s exports of black carbon in 2017 were 37% to Thailand, 20% to Indonesia, 11% to Vietnam, 10% to Japan, 8% to Taiwan.
Characteristics of Carbon Black Nanoparticles
The carbon black nanopowder consists of carbon (98 to 99.7%), present in the form of spherical particles (from 10 to 500 nm). Their specific surface is between 10 and 300 m2/g. There are many grades of carbon black, depending on the raw materials used, combustion conditions and thermal decomposition.
Industrial manufacturing of Carbon Black Nanoparticles
Carbon Black is produced mainly by incomplete combustion of heavy oil residues using the Oil Furnace Black process (used for 98% of world production). The reaction takes place in an oven in which natural gas is burned in the presence of excess air. The oil charge is introduced radically. The temperature ranges from 1400 to 2000 ° C and the reaction time from 1/100 to 1/10 of a second depends on the type of blackness desired. The combustion gases, containing the carbon black, are rapidly cooled by water spraying and the carbon black is recovered by filtration. For example, Orionused 4000 fiberglass handle filters, 3 m long and 15 to 20 cm in diameter. An inverted gas stream empties the filters alternately every 2 to 3 minutes. The purchase of the heavy oil charge represents more than 30% of the selling price. The production units have an average capacity of 75 t / day and, per plant, there are usually 2 to 5 units. The yields are about 50% of the carbon content of the feed.
In addition, the cracking of acetylene, with temperatures of over 2000 °C gives the purest carbon blacks and have a more conductive character.
Sources for the emission of Carbon Black
- Incomplete combustion of firewood, charcoal, and manure, used for the purpose of cooking.
- Combustion of diesel engines in vehicles.
- Burning of agricultural waste and forests.
- Extraction of fossil fuels.
- Burning garbage outdoors or “open sky”.
6 uses of Carbon Black Nanoparticles:
- A 7 kg tire contains 3 kg of carbon black which gives it resistance to wear. An automobile (including tires) contains about 18 kg of carbon black. The treads use carbon black of about 30 nm (10 to 20 nm for fast and off-road vehicles. Fine blacks bring hardness; larger blacks retain the flexibility of rubber. Carbon black is currently used in the manufacture of green tires, partly competing with precipitated silica.
- Liquid inks for large prints (newspapers) contain nearly 10% of their mass of carbon black. Fat inks for the offset from 20 to 30%.
- Automotive paints, lacquers for furniture and pianos contain very fine carbon black nanopowder (10 to 20 nm).
- Carbon black (mass contents of 1 to 3%) provides the protection of plastics and elastomers against UV.
- Conductive carbon blacks (150,000 t / yr worldwide), obtained, in part, from acetylene, are used in saline electric batteries (40,000 t / year), high voltage underground cables (60,000 t / year), plastics and conductive rubbers…In the conductive cables, the black conductors are incorporated in the coating of the aluminum strands and thus ensure the equalization of the electric field and the prevention of the corona effect.
- It is also used as a model for diesel emission particles without sticking to metals and hydrocarbon.
Image retrieved from: https://blackbearcarbon.com/products/
Use of Carbon Black Nanopowder in the Rubber Industry
As indicated above, the majority of the use of Carbon Black is in the Rubber Industry, it’s around 93%. This use can be characterized into 2 major groups: mechanical rubber goods and tires. The durability and performance of the rubber products are increased due to reinforcing characteristics of carbon black nanopowder. The use of Carbon Black in the rubber industry is classified as N100-N900 black series.
Use of Carbon Black Nanopowder in other sectors (Plastics, Coatings, Inks, etc.)
The rest 7% use of carbon black nanopowder is in different sectors, which includes coating, inks, and plastics. More applications involve toners, batteries, sealants, etc. In these products, the blackness, UV light protection, and conductivity properties of carbon black nanopowder are used.
Additionally, the below sectors also benefits from reinforcing, staining, and UV protection properties of Carbon Black nanopowder:
- Aerospace industry
- Boat coatings
- Home appliances
- Computer cases
- Furniture
- electronics
- General industry
- Pipe coatings
- Nava industry
- Rubber for non-automotive applications
- Films for packaging
In summary, Carbon Black nanopowder is an important element that has various significant uses in various sectors. The majority of its use is found in the rubber industry and the minor use is found in some other sectors, as indicated above. The product has great potential for future applications.
BORON CARBİDE NANOPARTİCLES HİSTORY, PROPERTİES, APPLİCATİON
Boron carbide (B4C) is often named as “Black diamond”. It is a black crystalline solid almost as hard as diamond. The compound contains 1 Carbon atom and 4 Boron atoms. It is grayish black in color and usually a very hard ceramic material. It is to be noted that Carbon and Boron are placed adjacent to each other in the periodic table, having atomic numbers like 6 and 5, respectively.
The boron carbide nanoparticles are of approximately 40 nm in diameter. It is used across a number of industries due to its hardness, unique interaction with neutrons, and basic properties. Boron carbide nanoparticles have experienced extensive research from engineers and researchers. The mechanical properties of Boron Carbide make it useful in various applications. This article is focused on Boron Carbide Nanoparticles, its history, properties, manufacturing and applications in different sectors.
History of Boron Carbide Nanoparticles
B4C was discovered in the 19th century as a by-product of reactions involving metallic borides. It was not until 1930 when this material was scientifically studied.
8 Properties of B4C Nanopowder
The properties of Boron Carbide Nanoparticles are described below in detail:
1. Molar Weight of B4C Nanoparticles
The molar weight of the compound is 55.255 g/mol, whereas the density is 2.52 g/cm3.
2. Crystal Structure of B4C Nanoparticles
Its crystal structure is rhombohedral. It is prepared by reaction of boric acid with graphite at 2600 °C.
3. Particle Size Distribution and SSA of B4C Nanoparticles
It has a thin range of particle size distribution, larger specific surface area, and good purity. The Specific Surface Area of Boron carbide Nanoparticles is greater than 42 m2/g.
4. Melting Point of B4C Nanoparticles
The melting point of Boron carbide Nanoparticles is approximately 2350 °C.
5. Boiling Point of B4C Nanoparticles
The boiling point of Boron carbide Nanoparticles is approximately 3500 °C and the hardness is up to 9.3, whereas the bending force is greater than 400 MPa.
6. Reactivity and Stability of B4C Nanoparticles
Boron carbide Nanoparticles do not react with alkali or acid solution. The compound is usually resistant to high temperatures, and it has anti-oxidation properties, high strength, high hardness, high crushing efficiency, high elastic modulus, good self-lubricating characteristics, and larger wear resistance.
The nanoparticles of Boron carbide have a higher cross section of thermal neutron capture, with good anti-radiation performance and excellent neutron absorption properties.
7. Color of B4C Nanoparticles
Boron carbide Nanoparticles are commonly found in Black color.
8. Other Properties of B4C Nanoparticles
Its purity is up to 99%.
The size of the Boron carbide Nanoparticles is around 50 nm.
Production Process of Boron Carbide Nanopowder
The nanoparticles of Boron Carbide are produced by the reaction of boron, which is produced by the thermal decomposition of magnesium diboride in carbon nanotubes. The optimum temperature for the manufacturing of boron carbide nanoparticles is 1150 degrees and is kept for three hours in vacuum. This production method gives good crystallinity.
9 Applications of Boron Carbide Nanoparticles
Boron carbide nanoparticles have a variety of applications in different sectors, nine of them are given below.
1. B4C nanoparticles are commonly employed in the manufacturing of tank armors and they are also used in bulletproof vests because of their hardness and low density.
2. They have also some applications in the nuclear sector such as in control rod, shutdown pallets, and shielding. In the nuclear sector, they are also used for detecting neutrons because of their neutron capturing property. Furthermore, due to their thermal shock resistance and thermal conductivity, they are used in nuclear fusion reactors.
Image retrieved from: https://ceramics.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/August2017_Feature.pdf (Reaction-bonded boron carbide for lightweight armor: The interrelationship between processing, microstructure, and mechanical properties, American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 6 – www.ceramics.org )
3. Additionally, Boron Carbide nanoparticles are very suitable for cutting and grinding tools because of their hardness. The nanoparticles of Boron carbide are very hard and most stable. They do not interact with alkali acid solutions because of their stability. These nanoparticles are also used in lapping and polishing applications due to their aggressive nature. The boron carbide nanoparticles have the capacity to absorb neutrons without the formation of long lives radiations.
4. Boron Carbide Nanoparticles are important for advanced technology applications such as ceramic amour applications for personal use and equipment, abrasive for grinding and polishing media, blasting nozzles, semiconductor applications for dielectric barriers, ceramic bearings, nuclear and medical applications.
5. The nanoparticles of Boron carbide are also used for ceramic bearing, wire drawing dies and blasting nozzles due to their remarkable wear resistance. These nanoparticles are very suitable to be used in armor vehicles for the protection against ballistic and projectile threats. This is because of their low specific weight and greater impact resistance.
6. The nanoparticles of Boron carbide are also used for the purpose of coating on different materials such as blade tools and they can also be employed for cutting different alloys, for example, Titanium alloy, aluminum alloy, and stainless steel. These nanoparticles are also employed to make thin film on Ultra high-density disk drives.
7. Furthermore, the tools made from stainless steel are coated using plasma-sprayed Boron carbide nanoparticles for the safety against thermal shocks. The high boron content indicates high refractoriness and good chemical inertness.
8. Nano B4C is also used in the Aerospace sector as a replacement for Be alloys because of their low density, high stiffness, and low thermal expansion. They are also used to strengthen the plastic matrixes as a reinforcement material.
9. The Boron carbide nanoparticles have also applications in high-temperature electronic devices, for example, thermoelastic devices. They are also used as dielectric barriers in semiconductor applications.
Storage of B4C Nanoparticles
The nanoparticles of Boron carbide are usually stored in a cool and dry atmosphere. They must avoid agglomeration because of humidity and should not be exposed to air. They also must not be exposed to high pressure and should not interact with oxidants.
Conclusion
Boron Carbide Nanoparticles have a lot of applications in different sectors because of their unique properties. They are very hard and due to this reason, they are also called black diamond. The particles size is approximately 40 nm and was founded in the 19th century. The applications of Boron Carbide Nanoparticles are found in bulletproof vests, armor vehicles, cutting, grinding, polishing, nuclear and medical sector. Currently, a lot of researches are underway to discover more of its innovative uses.
DOUBLE WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES (DWCNTs)
Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) are formed by two concentric SWCNTs and are therefore called “double-walled” nanotubes. The diameter of the DWCNTs is normally greater than that of the SWNTs, and it grows with the number of walls, being able to reach up to a few tens of nanometers.
They have a variety of applications in different sectors and they will be discussed in detail in this article. Moreover, the structure and properties of DWCNTs are also discussed briefly.
Structure of Double Walled Carbon Nanotubes
The structure of DWCNTs consists of two layers of graphite sheets concentrically wounded with a space of 0.36 nm between them, with an external diameter of 10 to 50 nm, where each carbon atom is joined with three others by Sp2 hybridization, the fourth carbon atom forms weak bond of the Van der Wall type with other graphite sheets.
5 Properties of DWCNTs
1. Electronically, DWCNTs can behave as semi-metallic, insulating, or metallic material dependent on their elasticity and diameter. Its one-dimensional quantum electronic behavior has been demonstrated.
Researches at Rice University discovered that double-walled carbon nanotubes share the better sides of both single walled and multi walled carbon nanotubes when it comes to electrical conductivity and resisting difficult conditions.
Moreover, their research have shown that the distance between the two walls, “individual chiraliy” of the tubes, as well as the inner diameter, have significant effects on DWCNT’s electrical properties.
2. New studies recommend that DWCNTs could be used in flat screens because of their good capacity as electron emitters.
3. It has been proven that double-walled carbon nanotubes have higher flexibility and higher mechanical strength than carbon fibers.
4. Double-Walled’s properties can be adapted by summarizing metals in its interior, obtaining electrical or magnetic nanowires or gases, which can be used for the storage of hydrogen or as a gas separation system.
5. DWNTs are stable even at 2,800 0C in a vacuum, and 750 °C in air.
Applications of DWNTs
Some important applications of Double-walled Carbon Nanotubes have been discovered in recent years:
In 2016, the incorporation of oxygen and fluoride on the surface of carbon nanotubes was reported. This was done in order to achieve the dispersion of the double-walled carbon nanotubes in polar solvents, especially in water, with potential applications in the separation of oil emulsions in water.
Another of the important applications of DWCNTs is its use for shielding, this is due to the increase of the resistance property. In addition, it has been reported that they can be used in different types of armoring, where electromagnetic, acoustic and shielding impact stands out.
In the area of energy storage, it is important to mention that DWCNTs play an important role in the storage of hydrogen, besides presenting a viable alternative in energy storage cells.
A study was recently reported on obtaining a composition based on carbon nanotubes with chitosan, which presented important applications as a CO2 absorbent. (What is Chitosan? It is a type of a sugar obtained from outer shells of shellfish. Its main applications are in medicine.)
In 2017, a study was reported on the development of a nanosensor, based on carbon nanotubes with antibodies against Brucella. The study found that the nanosensor has potential applications in detecting Brucellosis easily and quickly.
Nanobiosensors. image obtained from http:///
In 2018, the functionalization of carbon nanotubes with fructose was reported to obtain a nanocomposite based on starch, the function of the DWCNTs with D-fructoseis to obtain a biomolecule used as a nonfertilizer in the polymeric matrix of the starch. In this study, films were obtained by the casting method and it was found that the nanocomposite showed excellent homogeneity, because carbon nanotubes were modified with acidic groups on the surface and in this way, they interacted easily with starch through interactions of hydrogen-type bridges.
5 Uses of Double-walled carbon nanotubes in the development of gas sensor
1. Carbon nanotube gas sensor has fast response, low power consumption, high sensitivity, small size, and lower working temperature and many other characteristics.
2. Carbon nanotubes are one of the developments of the ideal nanomaterials solid-state sensor technology huge aspect ratio and specific surface area of the carbon nanotube sensor can become highly sensitive material layer and efficient driving channel.
3. Carbon nanotubes can easily integrate microelectronic devices, it is possible to produce a sensor having a plurality of small arrays of sensors.
4. Carbon nanotube gas sensor can operate at room temperature; without heating means to reduce the volume of the sensor, the sensor reduces the energy consumption, so that the central element can be increased in length, while also extending the useful life of the sensor battery.
5. Carbon nanotube gas sensor has been capable of physical security, industrial and environmental protection.
Other industrial applications of Double Walled Carbon Nanotubes
By adding small amounts of double-walled carbon nanotubes to polymers, they change their electrical properties and this gives rise to more industrial applications:
DWCNTs in Biomedicine: Researchers from Italian universities have grown nerve cells in substrates, covered by networks of carbon nanotubes, and they found an increase in the neuronal signal transferred between cells. As DWCNTs are similar in shape and size to nerve cells, they can help restructure and reconnect damaged neurons.
DWCNTs in Automobiles: Anti-static fuel hoses, conductive plastic arts for painted electrostatic spray.
DWCNTs in Aerospace: Parts of aircraft.
DWCNTs in Packaging: Antistatic for electronics.
DWCNTs in Conductive inks: Carbon nanotubes have been used in the preparation of Conductive inks.
DWCNTs in Extremely black materials: The darkest substance known, to date, has been created from carbon nanotubes. The material was made into a matrix of low-density carbon nanotubes, arranged vertically. The reflection rate of the material is three times lower than what had been achieved so far. This substance of carbon nanotubes is very good at absorbing light, but very bad to reflect it. The group of American researchers, belonging to the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute of Troy, assure that it is the closest thing that exists to the black body (an ideal body that absorbs light of all wavelengths and from all possible angles). It is expected that the development of these materials has applications in the fields of electronics and in the field of solar energy.
DWCNTs in Sports: Due to the high mechanical strength of the nanotubes, they are beginning to be used to make tennis racquets, bicycle handlebars, and golf items.
Conclusion
Double-walled carbon nanotubes present important and interesting applications in different sectors, ranging from energy storage applications to armoring applications. This is due to their exceptional chemical and physical properties, for this reason, it is very important to study them in order to develop new and improved materials.
SİNGLE-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES (SWCNTs)
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), as its name suggests are formed by a single layer of graphite which is arranged in a cylindrical shape. SWCNTs are very important because they have certain properties that other nanotubes do not have. These properties have allowed the creation of interesting applications in different sectors. This article will discuss the structure, properties, and remarkable properties of SWCNTs.
Structure of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
The central part of the tube is formed by sp2 hybridization of carbon atoms, while the ends are formed by a particular distribution of pentagonal and hexagonal rings, which gives the right curvature and allow the closure of the graphitic cylinder.
Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes have diameters between 0.7 and 10 nm (generally less than 2 nm) and a length ranging from a few nm to some μm. Consequently, SWCNTs have a high length/diameter ratio and for this reason, they can be considered as “almost” one-dimensional structures. This gives these species peculiar properties.
SWCNTs may differ from each other due to the arrangement of the aromatic rings (graphene lattice) with respect to their central axis. In other words, they differ in the way in which the plane of the graphite is rolled up.
Properties of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
The conductivity properties of SWCNTs are studied, in particular, because under certain conditions, they behave as ballistic conductors, in this state, there is no scattering of the electrons passing through the nanotube, and therefore the conduction takes place.
The mechanical resistance of Single-walled carbon nanotubes depends on many features, the most significant of which is the strength of the atom-atom bonds of the essential material and the absence of structural defects in the lattice. The existence of defects plays an important role in the procedures of breaking by traction since to break an entirely defect-free sample, it is essential to overwhelm the cohesion forces of the entire surface perpendicular to the direction of traction. In reality, the existence of defects greatly reduces the force required to break the sample.
It has been intended that the theoretical Young module of Single-walled carbon nanotubes can reach up to 4 TPa, and its tensile strength must be around 220 GPa (100 times larger than that of steel, and 6 times lesser in weight).
A mechanical deformation can significantly change the electrical behavior of the SWCNTs.
The thermal conductivity of SWCNTs is determined by phonons, which propagate easily along the tube; this is why Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes are good thermal conductors and good insulators.
A PhD Student from MIT has grown millions of carbon nanotubes and immersed them in a guiding liquid. Once it was dried, the pattern of CNTs spelled out “BOO”.
7 Applications of SWCNTs
Single-walled carbon nanotubes offer a variety of applications in various sectors, 7 of which are discussed below:
1.Gas absorption and capillarity of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Due to their tubular shape, SWCNTs show remarkable capillary properties, and their large surface/weight ratio makes them theoretically ideal for gas adsorption.
2.SWCNTs in acoustics
Some researchers, in an effort to produce a new, more sensitive microphone, have tried to imitate nature. A device has therefore been developed that can be defined as an “Artificial Cochlear”. In this apparatus, nanotube vectors are used as the hair cells of our auditory system. Their movement and therefore their vibrations due to the impact of sound waves are transformed into electrical signals.
The nanotubes also have a natural directionality and bend away from the sound source, so you can get directional information with only one sensor, unlike common devices or the human auditory system that necessarily needs two ears, and there is an ability of the nanotubes to operate in the air. unlike other elements.
The same technology can be exploited for military applications (construction of sensors to intercept submarines) or for medical applications (new stethoscopes that can navigate in the bloodstream and recognize biochemical actions that cannot be detected otherwise).
3.SWCNTs in lithium batteries
Common lithium batteries will last twice as long if the common graphite electrodes are replaced by carbon nanotube electrodes. In fact, numerous studies have shown that they are capable of storing a lithium ion for every three carbon atoms, unlike graphite, which stores one for every six carbon atoms.
4.SWCNTs in Carbon nanotube monitor
SWCNTs are inert and can be more stable and more practical than common sources of electron input (metallic or inorganic) to stimulate the emission of colored light on thin panels. In real devices, residual gases can be ionized and the resulting ions can bombard the tip of the electron emitter making it less efficient. SWCNTs, on the other hand, resist this type of phenomenon: it will thus be possible to have much more durable flat monitors.
5.SWCNTs for Cathodes in X-ray equipment
Carbon nanotubes can replace metal filaments used in traditional X-ray equipment, which must necessarily be brought to high temperatures before being subjected to an electric field. The potential advantages of this substitution are numerous: the nanotubes can work at room temperature; the machines can be manufactured smaller and even portable; they can be more efficient and less expensive.
6.SWCNTs as Antibacterial nanotubes
A class of SWCNTs has been discovered that can be used as drugs to combat some bacterial infections that have developed some resistance to traditional antibacterials. These tubes are wrapped in chains of amino acids that can attack and grow on the cell walls and, by pricking them, they pull out all of their critical components. They can also be generated to the only attack and kill specific pathogens. In this regard, experiments on mice have been conducted with positive effects to treat a lethal infection with a breed of staphylococci, resistant to antibacterials.
7.SWCNTs in Artificial muscles
The synthesis of hair-like nanotubes (8 cm) has opened the door to the realization of robust actuators for artificial muscles. They will replace existing polymeric gels that have a relatively large volume and slow operation (the latter require 30 voltages in comparison to a nanotube material that requires only 1 Voltage). The new actuators use SWCNT sheets as electrodes of a condenser soaked in electrolyte.
Conclusion
Thus, SWCNTs consists of a single layer of graphite and they are unique in terms of their properties which have allowed their use in a wide range of applications. It is expected that the ongoing researches will extend its use in different sectors.