FEATURED PRODUCTS
Nano Silver Powder Purity: 99,99%, Size: 20-30 nm Metal Basis
Nano Silver Powder Purity: 99.9%, Size: 50-60 nm Metal Basis
Nano Silver Powder Purity: 99.95%, Size: 100 nm Metal Basis
Nano Silver Powder Coated with ~0.2wt% PVP 20-30 nm Metal Basis
Aluminum Nanoparticle Purity: 99.9%, Size: 18 nm Metal Basis
Aluminum Nanoparticle Purity: 99.9%, Size: 40-60 nm Metal Basis
Aluminum Nanoparticle Purity: 99.9%, Size: 60-80 nm Metal Basis
Aluminum Nanopowder Purity: 99.7%, Size: 130 nm Metal Basis
FEATURED CATEGORIES
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HAND MADE MAGAZINE
Anti Friction Coatings
Anti-Friction Coatings (AFCs)
AFCs form a dry film and optimize friction of metal, plastic and elastomer parts – even under intense loads and harsh operating and environmental conditions. The coatings are easy to apply by spraying, brushing, dip-spinning, roll-coating or screen printing.
After curing, the bonded, dry lubricating film provides durable wear protection with a certain level of corrosion protection and resists dust and contamination.
AFCs typically contain PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), MoS2 (molybdenum disulfide) or graphite lubricating solids. The color of AFCs with PTFE is black and with MoS2 is gray.
Depending on your lubrication need, precise formulations can be engineered with these or other lubricating solids to provide customized options that meet your exact requirements.
Product selection depends on service requirements, the desired coating method and specific advantages for different applications. From selecting the right formulation for your application needs to identifying the proper coating methods, you can rely on our experts for help.
Anti-Friction Coatings have solid lubricant particles dispersed in carefully selected blends of resin and solvents. The volume concentration of lubricants and choice of raw materials are important for the lubricating and corrosion-protection properties. Once applied to a metal or plastic, these paint-like solutions bond to the coated surface and provide a slippery lubricating film that is dry and clean. The film covers all surface roughness and optimizes metal-to-metal, metal-to-plastic or plastic-to-plastic friction even under extreme loads and working conditions.
AFCs are particularly effective in boundary friction and mixed friction states. In these states, direct metal-to-metal contact and wear take place because fluid hydrodynamic lubrication cannot be realized. In AFCs, the solid lubricants are kept on the substrate surface by the bonding force of the resin package so the surfaces are always separated by an effective dry film–whether under very low speeds, oscillating movements or high loads. AFCs also support hydrodynamic lubrication as an agent to improve running-in. AFCs provide lubricity in case of hydrodynamic film breakdown.
Nanomaterial’S HORİZON 2020 SME INSTRUMENT WİNNER PROJECT
Nanokar Company was awarded with Horizon 2020 SME Instrument Phase 1 grant by European Union to launch one of the largest Graphene Manufacturing Plants in the world with its patent pending eco-friendly and cost efficient production method (GREENGRAPHENE).
With its disruptive innovation of GREENGRAPHENE, Nanokar has applied for European Commission’s Horizon 2020 SME Instrument programme, a highly competitive and reputable fund aiming to increase Europe’s global competitiveness, and granted to Small and Medium-sized Enterprises with innovative & groundbreaking projects in Europe.
As one of the pioneers in the field, Nanokar developed a graphene production method in 2016 which releases no hazardous substance to the environment, leaves almost no waste behind, and decreases the costs in significant amounts, without sacrificing the quality.
Graphene Production is now Eco-Friendly as well
Before 2016, graphene production was not only costly, but also suffering from environmental problems because a huge amount of waste was generated during old graphene production processes. Economic and environmental concerns became an obstacle for industries to benefit from graphene in full measure.
After its groundbreaking discovery, inventors of graphene were awarded with 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics. Being the lightest, strongest, and the most conductive material in the world, graphene is known to have a wide range of uses in many industries today.
It is expected that in the next five years the demand for graphene will increase over 10 thousand tons per year, making the current total global capacity of manufacturers, less than 1000 tons, highly insufficient.
Objective of GREENGRAPHENE Project
Graphene-based materials gained a lot of interest by researchers worldwide and a wide variety of applications has been developed from them in the last decade. There are more than 45.000 patent applications recorded after the inventors of graphene were awarded with Nobel prize in 2010. Graphene’s applications extend from fast charging high capacity batteries to light-weight and high strength aircraft parts. Composite industry is the field that graphene can be quickly adapted because graphene can be produced in powder form similar to many of the other additives used in the composites industry. Composites industry is a €63.2 Billion market and it is expected to reach above €113,85 Billion within the next 5-6 years. Offering performance properties comparable with the current metallic and ceramic materials is the main motivation for the composite producers and costs of the additives in the market constitutes only 1% (>€1 Billion market for additives) of the overall costs.
The major obstacle that prevents the rapid initiation and adaption of graphene into the composites market is the price ranges (2800-7600 €/kg) of the material with desired quality. In order to overcome this obstacle, Nanografi developed a simple, disruptive, cost-effective and environment-friendly graphene production method (patent pending) and offered a good chance for graphene in the composites industry. The developed method offers graphene nanoplatelet product with high quality and offering the lowest price range (<€85/kg graphene) after the production is scaled up to 100 tonnes/year within 5 years. The price offers can go down further as the demand increases. To conclude, in GREENGRAPHENE Project, Nanografi aims to bring its high quality graphene product which we produce by our highly innovative method to the composites market and prepare technical/economic feasibility plans for increasing the use of graphene in the composites industry.
REDUCED GRAPHENE OXİDE AND APPLİCATİONS
Graphene oxide (GO) is a type of graphene that contains oxygen functional groups and has some interesting properties different than those of graphene. By reducing graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide is obtained which is abbreviated to rGO. In this process, the functional groups of graphene are removed but it still contains residual oxygen, hetereatoms and structural defects which decrease its quality. Having less-quality compared to pristine graphene, rGO is still an outstanding material for various applications since it resembles an attractive cost and manufacturing processes compared to the pristine graphene. Especially, it is preferred in applications that call for a large amount of material.
Depending on the method of preparation of reduced graphene oxide, properties and morphology of the rGO can vary. Some preparation methods of reduced graphene oxide include:
- treating graphene oxide with hydrazine hydrate at 100°C for 24 hours
- exposure to hydrogen plasma for several seconds
- exposure to powerful pulsed light from xenon flashtubes
- heating the graphene oxide with urea as an expansion-reduction agent
- direct heating of graphene oxide in a furnace to very high temperatures
Applications of Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO)
Electronics: rGO shows a great potential in electronics applications. It is used as a field effect transistor that has been used in chemical sensors and biosensors. In biosensors, detect hormonal catecholamine molecules, avidin and DNA. rGO is also used in light emitting diodes (LEDs) and solar cell devices. For these applications, having transparent electrode is important and rGO is a convenient for these devices.
Energy Storage: Nanocomposites of rGO is used for lithium-ion batteries, extensively. In these batteries, nanoparticles of insulating metal oxide are absorbed onto rGO which enhances the performance of these materials in lithium-ion batteries.
It is also used in many composite materials and printable graphene electronics.
Overall, rGO is a suitable material for many applications although it looks like less impressive when it is compared to graphene.
HYDROXYAPATİTE NANO AND MİCRON POWDER
Hydroxyapatite is a calcium phosphate compound, its formula is Ca10 (PO4)6(OH)2. It is a part of the raw material, called phosphoric rock. The term hydroxy refers to the anion OH‑. If instead of that anion is replaced with fluoride, the mineral would be called Fluoroapatite Ca10 (PO4)6(F)2. Hydroxyapatite is the main inorganic component of the bones and dental enamel.
Hydroxyapatite predominantly exists in two forms which are nanoHydroxyapatite powder and micron Hydroxyapatite powder. The difference between the two is of size. The size of Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles is below 200 nm whereas micron Hydroxyapatite exists in the range of 45 – 90 micron. The surface area for Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles is around 9.4 m2/g whereas Hydroxyapatite micron powder has a surface area of 120 m2/g.
History and importance of Hydroxyapatite
The use of Hydroxyapatite began after 1950 when after a lot of research, it was found that it can be used in dental surgeries. Since then, its use has continuously increased. It is an important element in the bone tissues of living beings. Its great stability against other calcium phosphate products permits it to withstand physiological conditions, giving the bones their characteristic hardness. Hydroxyapatite fulfills its operation with the aid of collagen, the fibrous protein of connective tissues. Hydroxyapatite consists of Ca2+ ion, but it can also consist of other cations in its structure such as Na+, Mg2+, etc.
Structure of Hydroxyapatite
The below image shows the structure of hydroxyapatite. All spheres occupy the volume of the half of a hexagonal “box”, where the other half is identical to the first.
Structure of Hydroxyapatite
In this structure, the green spheres represent Ca2+ cations, while the red spheres represent oxygen atoms, the orange spheres represents the phosphorus atoms, and the white spheres represent OH–.
The phosphate ions in this structure have the defect of not exhibiting a tetrahedral geometry; instead, they look like pyramids with square bases.
It looks like OH– is positioned far from the Ca2+. However, the crystalline unit can repeat itself on the roof of the first, thus presenting the close relationship between both ions. Also, these ions can be substituted by others such as Na+ and F–.
Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite
Hydroxyapatite can be created by the reaction of calcium hydroxide with phosphoric acid:
10Ca(OH)2 + 6H3PO4 => Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 + 18H2O
Likewise, hydroxyapatite can be produced through the following reaction:
10Ca(NO3)2. 4H2O + 6NH4H2PO4 => Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 + 20NH4NO3 + 52H2O
The hydroxyapatite nanoparticles can be generated by controlling the rate of precipitation.
Hydroxyapatite crystals
The ions are crushed and grown to form a resistant and rigid bio crystal. This is employed as a biomaterial for bone mineralization. However, it needs collagen, an organic support that acts as a mold for its development. These crystals and their complex formation procedures depend on the bone.
Physical and Chemical properties
- 1.Hydroxyapatite is a white powder that can acquire grayish, green and yellow appearance. As it is a crystalline solid, it has a greater melting point (1100 °C), which indicates strong electrostatic interactions.
- 2.Fluorine (F–) can be substituted by OH– ions in the crystal structure. In this case, it adds resistance to the hydroxyapatite of the dental enamel against the acids. Possibly, this resistance may be due to the insolubility of the formed CaF2, refusing to “leave” the crystal.
- 3.However, in acidic media (as in HCl), it is soluble. This solubility is due to the creation of CaCl2, a highly soluble salt in water. Also, phosphates are protonated (HPO42- and H2PO4-) and interact to a greater extent with water.
- 4.It is denser as compared to water, with a density of 3.05 – 3.15 g/cm3. Moreover, it is practically insoluble in water (0.3 mg/mL), which is because of phosphate ions.
- 5.The solubility of hydroxyapatite in acids is significant in the pathophysiology of caries. The bacteria in the oral cavity secrete lactic acid, a product of the fermentation of glucose, which drops the pH of the dental surface to less than 5 so that hydroxyapatite starts to dissolve.
Applications of nanoHydroxyapatite
Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles have a diversity of applications, which are given below:
- In the surgery of bone tissue, it is employed in the filling of cavities in traumatological, maxillofacial, orthopedic, and dental surgeries.
- The use of hydroxyapatite nanopowder is beneficial in the repairing of enamel and incorporation in toothpaste, as well as mouth rinses.
- It is employed as a coating for orthopedic and dental implants. It is a desensitizing agent used after tooth whitening. It is also employed as a remineralizing agent in toothpaste and in the early diagnosis of caries.
- Due to its resemblance in size, crystallography, and composition with hard human tissue, it is valuable for use in prostheses. Also, nano-hydroxyapatite is bioactive, biocompatible, and natural, as well as not being toxic or inflammatory.
- Titanium and Stainless steel implants are frequently coated with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles to decrease their refutation rate.
- It is a substitute to xenogenic and allogeneic bone grafts. The healing time is less in the presence of hydroxyapatite nanopowder than in its absence.
Applications of micron hydroxyapatite powder
- An alginate-hydroxyapatite complex has been manufactured which is capable of absorbing fluorine through the mechanism of ion exchange.
- Hydroxyapatite micron powder has also been used as a provision for the electrophoresis of nucleic acids. It separates RNA from DNA, as well as DNA from a single strand of two-strand DNA.
- Micron Hydroxyapatite is used in the air filters of motor vehicles to enhance the efficiency of filters in the absorption and decomposition of carbon monoxide (CO). This decreases the environmental pollution.
- Micron Hydroxyapatite is employed as a chromatographic medium for proteins. This presents positive charges (Ca+) and negative charges (PO4-3), so it can interact with electrically charged proteins and permit the separation by the ion exchange process.
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